Citizenship in a European Union (EU) country offers numerous benefits, including the ability to reside and work within the EU, as well as visa-free travel to many destinations worldwide. Additionally, it provides access to a high standard of living and the opportunity to explore renowned museums, historic landmarks, and architectural wonders.
Many individuals aspire to become EU citizens, but the process is not without its challenges. Prospective applicants must demonstrate their ability to integrate into European society and adhere to EU laws. Continue reading to determine if you meet the eligibility criteria for European citizenship and to learn about the application process.
Becoming a Citizen of the European Union
There are three routes to obtain European citizenship: by descent, naturalisation or investment. Let's study each of them in detail.
EU Citizenship by Descent
Obtaining a European passport through descent is considered one of the easiest and most cost-effective pathways, although it may not be applicable to everyone. This option is only available if you have a direct lineage to a close relative who was born in the EU. The specific degree of kinship required can vary among different EU member states.
When applying for European citizenship by descent, you are typically required to submit supporting documents such as birth or death certificates, among others, to verify your lineage. The processing time for such applications can vary from several months to a year, depending on factors like the workload of the embassy and the time it takes to authenticate your ancestors' EU citizenship.The cost of obtaining an EU passport by descent can range up to €1,000. This fee typically covers administrative and service charges, although there may be additional expenses for obtaining the necessary documents or legal assistance.
Brussels, Belgium. Photo: Bibhash (Polygon.Cafe) Banerjee (Unsplash)
EU Citizenship by Naturalisation
Obtaining citizenship through naturalisation in the European Union is a time-consuming process, as it typically requires having five years of permanent residency in one of the EU countries. On the other hand, marrying a European citizen can expedite the process to some extent, as you can apply for citizenship after three years of living together with your partner in the EU. However, regardless of the pathway, it is essential to demonstrate proficiency in the official language of the country where you are applying for naturalisation. Therefore, dedicating time to learn the language and familiarise yourself with the local culture is highly recommended.
When applying for citizenship in prominent EU countries like Germany, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, it is important to be patient as the process can take over 10 years to obtain a passport. However, other European countries such as Portugal, Greece, Spain, and Hungary are more immigrant-friendly and may grant you a passport within six to eight years. The advantage is that you can move to nearly any EU country on a work visa. Additionally, some EU states, like Spain and Portugal, even offer visas specifically tailored for digital nomads.
Strasbourg, France. Photo: Kankan (Unsplash)
EU Citizenship by Investment
Many EU countries offer naturalisation programs for investors, commonly known as "golden visa" schemes. These programs allow individuals to obtain residency or citizenship by making significant investments in the respective country's economy. One of the most affordable options is to invest €250,000 in Greece to obtain the "golden visa." The average investment amount across the EU is around €500,000, which can grant you the "golden visa" in countries like Portugal or Spain.
If you have the financial means to invest €6,000,000 or more, Austria offers an attractive option for obtaining citizenship. As one of the wealthiest countries in the EU, Austria boasts a low inflation rate, a robust economy, and a strong industrial sector. Participating in one of Austria's investment initiatives can greatly streamline the process of acquiring Austrian citizenship.In general, naturalising through investment programs does not typically require permanent residency in the country. Spending a few days a year is often sufficient. Additionally, you may not be required to pass a language exam as part of the naturalisation process.
Hallstatt, Austria. Photo: Hasmik Ghazaryan Olson (Unsplash)
How Long Does It Take to Obtain an EU Passport?
The duration of obtaining European citizenship can vary significantly, ranging from several months to several years. The length of the process largely depends on the specific route or method chosen to acquire citizenship.
- Obtaining citizenship by descent takes between six to 12 months.
- Naturalising requires the applicant to wait between five to 10 years.
- Citizenship by investment can be granted within one to five years.
Dual Citizenship in the EU
The possession of a second passport can prove highly beneficial, particularly in times of economic turmoil or political unrest within one's home country. Acquiring EU citizenship offers numerous advantages, including global mobility, enhanced safety, and a multitude of opportunities.
Fortunately, in some cases, acquiring EU citizenship does not require renouncing your original passport. Dual citizenship is permitted in several countries, including Greece, France, Ireland, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Poland, and Sweden.
Mýkonos, Greece. Photo: Johnny Africa (Unsplash)
FAQ about Obtaining a European Passport
Can I Buy an EU passport?
Investing in the European economy can make you eligible for the "golden visa" program, which expedites the naturalisation process and eases the requirements for foreigners applying for citizenship. By participating in one of the investment programs in the EU, you can qualify after making an average investment of €500,000.
Does Living in the EU Guarantee I Will Obtain Citizenship?
The acquisition of citizenship in the European Union depends on the laws of each individual country. Some EU countries offer citizenship through investment programs, while others have requirements for naturalisation, such as long-term residence and employment.
Is It Difficult to Become an EU Citizen?
While obtaining European citizenship is not an easy process, it is indeed possible. One of the relatively easier routes is applying for a European passport by descent, although this option may not be available to everyone as it requires having a close lineal relative who was born in the EU. Additionally, applicants must provide supporting documents to establish the familial relationship. For individuals who do not qualify for citizenship by descent, investment programs that offer the "golden visa" can expedite the process of obtaining a European passport.
What is the Best Investment Programme to Obtain EU Citizenship?
The available options for obtaining European citizenship depend on your budget. Different countries offer varying opportunities, ranging from more affordable "golden visa" programs to faster routes towards acquiring European citizenship.
Can I Travel Within the EU Without a Visa if I Have Citizenship in One of the EU States?
European citizens can travel visa-free to other EU countries.
Is It Possible to Include Family Members in the Application for EU Citizenship By Investment?
Yes, it is. Holders of the "golden visa" can add other family members to their application when they are getting a European passport.
Can EU Citizens Live in Other Countries Within the European Union?
Yes, an EU passport allows you to study, live and work in each member state of the EU.
What Investment Programmes Accelerate Obtaining European Citizenship?
Most programs for acquiring an EU passport offer various investment options, such as investing in property, investment funds, or making a capital transfer. It's important to choose the investment method that aligns with your goals and meets the required amount for obtaining a "golden visa" in your selected country.
Can I Obtain an EU Passport By Descent?
Absolutely. You can apply for citizenship by descent, for example, in Ireland, Italy, Poland, and Portugal.
Can I Become a European Citizen if I Have Second-Degree or Third-Generation Relatives Who Were Born in the European Union?
No, if your half-brother, aunt, uncle or other second-degree relative was or is an EU citizen, it does not make you eligible for European citizenship. However, if you have a great-grandparent who was born in the EU you can naturalise faster in some EU countries, such as Lithuania, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Greece, Ireland, and Luxembourg.
Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Photo: Cedric Letsch (Unsplash)
In a Nutshell
To obtain European Union citizenship, it is necessary to establish long-term residency in one of the member states and comply with local laws. However, European citizenship offers numerous opportunities. Not only can you live and work in any EU country, but it also provides simplified pathways for starting a business. Many EU countries allow dual citizenship, further expanding the benefits. Overall, the advantages of being a European citizen outweigh any potential challenges. EU passport holders enjoy high salaries, personal safety, protected assets, economic stability, and visa-free travel opportunities.
Cover photo: ALEXANDRE LALLEMAND (Unsplash)
